Monday, September 30, 2019

Analysing Sustainability Policies Of Hewlett Packard Environmental Sciences Essay

Company debut. I have selected HP Ltd Company for my assignment subject. Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) is an first-class company. It provides printing and scanning equipments to consumers, concerns, and industry and intuitions all over the World. The company is non merely limited to the industry of pressmans, scanner and peripheral equipment but besides provides consultancies, entree devices, personal computer science and worldwide services to big, average sized and little administrations. I have selected HP Printer Company due to its Climate friendly attitude that is rather obvious from its policies and one-year meeting studies. The HP Company is good committed to cut down C footmark in its policy. It has taken several practical attacks in last few old ages to cut down its C pes print. lineation of the company HP is an international company with supply concatenation all over the universe. The direction construction consists of five board of managers. The chief sections include Nomination and Governance, Human Resource, Audit and engineering. In add-on to the direction board, the company has an executive apparatus dwelling upon senior and executive frailty presidents from concern division and caputs of corporate maps. The executive commission has different duties than the direction squad. The executive commission ensures that the ethical and environmental policies of the company are decently followed. HP uses an first-class nomenclature in planetary ethical small town. It uses the word â€Å" planetary citizenship † which is an existent duty, a company should play to protect planetary environment and beauty to quality for planetary coitizenship. 2.1 Functions of company 2.2 Distinctive characteristics The eco-cost are the amount of direct and in-direct costs of the environmental impacts caused by the merchandise in its full life rhythm. The purpose of the EMS is to happen out alternate design, theoretical account and parts which are eco-friendly. Actually, it is true analysis as impacts on environment does be us like waste direction or the wellness jeopardies to the public etc. HP is climate friendly company. It add the cost of wellness jeopardies of ink, disposal cost and usage of electricity in the existent cost of the pressman to happen out the environmental impacts. Its alone policies to command EMS inside the administration and proctor external organizational environmental activities has made it successful and typical in modern fabrication industry. It has good developed EMS for long clip that is continuously revised and reviewed. The acute involvement of HP Ltd in environmental protection through its fabrication procedure, preparations, awareness compaigh, research, aid to a ssociated houses and counsel to its employees are important characteristics of HP Ltd. 2.3 Business activities and relationship to environment We can depict the impact of pressman by spliting it into three stages ; paper use impacts, electricity use and the direction of waste merchandises. Harmonizing to historical informations, the use of paper has increased to three crease over the last three decennaries ( Mckinny 1995 ) . The paper has been used as a chief beginning of information storage since antediluvian Egyptians invented the papyrus, the Chinese do it more perfect by big scale paper industry and Gutenberg invented the printing imperativeness ( Saaty 1980 ) . The planetary heating has increased the importance of paperless nomenclature and most of organisations and public-service corporation houses are exchanging to the paperless schemes ( Newton 1993 ) . HP Ltd is globally recognised company. It has strong concern dealingss to its partnr companies and subsidieries. HP is fabricating a immense scope of merchandises and rule merchandises like pressmans use vry toxic stuff in the signifier of ink. HP has taken an enviro nmental protection attack to salvage environment by following EMS itself and guaranting that its concern links besides follow its policies. Its audit system, information and consciousness compaigh, support and advice to dependant concerns and proficient aid to associated concern provides satisfaction that HP is working towards its C print decrease scheme successfully and adequately. HP Ltd ‘s environmental policies are non ony refected from its internal organizational dealingss but besides through its relation to spouse companies through out the universe and dependent partnr companies like parts providers, packaging companies, transportors and preparation companies. HP has a right attack to supervise its internal organizational policies and observe external organition'sresonsibilities at the same clip. Environmental duties of the company Environmental impact HP company is bring forthing many merchandises hving direct or indirect impacts on environment. For simpleness, we can dis cussone merchandise ; Printers. Assorted metals are used in pressman ‘s fabrication. The metals include galvanized steel metal for construction, plated steel shafts, and Copper metal in motor and little fraction of Aluminum in other parts. These metal stuffs are reclaimable but Copper in motor may suppress steel recycling. The electronic constituent besides contributes to environmental impact and consists chiefly on printed electronic board ( PWB ) and some electronics. However, the electronic constituents merely make the 3 % weight of the pressmans in entire ( William et al 2005 ) . The electronics in pressmans consist on few PWB ; normally six and weighing approximately 250 gms. The circuit boards are made of few millimeters thick epoxy coated glass fibre cloth laminate plated with Cu but these are free of lead. The procedure of circuit board fabrication consists on FR4 laminate procedure ; a composite and popular laminate substrate industry procedure. The procedure is a wet processing method dwelling on cover, lithography, plating, and electronics engrafting to make a printed circuit board. The epoxy is normally assorted with a bromide fire retardent. Hazard to the administration HP company has environmental direction system in administration. The system has been developed many old ages ago and still come oning towards to cut down the footmark. The EMS is used to place hazards and impacts of the HP company on environment. HP company has a valid survelliance system to place environmental hazards by utilizing its EMS. The hazards may be present in assorted sections incuding operational departmemt, fabrication, packaging, selling and administration. Once cardinal hazard countries are identified and managed, further monitoring, reappraisal and alteration of EMS is carried out to guarantee successful safety to environment. HP company has besides an audit system to look into if the internal operations including environmental protection policy and process are followed or non. The audit section provides a regular observation to look into either company is successful to maintain its planetary citizenship or non. The pressmans are used domestically, commercially and in industry. The general intent of domestically used pressmans is designed to make a satisfied occupation of publishing at acceptable flawlessness degree. Normally, no duplexer is associated with domestically used pressmans and pages are turned manually by the user. Largely two types of cartridges are used ; one for the text printing and other for the colour printing. A printer battalion normally comes with a pressman itself, a black cartridge, a colour cartridge, a power overseas telegram, an external power supply, a USB or other port linking overseas telegram, CD-ROM ( with package ) and a user information brochure. The pressman varies in size and usually weighs range from 1.5 to 5 kilogram. Similarly the monetary value varies harmonizing to do and quality. Now we can take an analysis of pressman ‘s fabrication phase. Printers are made of polymers in their primary construction and in the industry of its parts ( Smits 1996 ) . Two most commonly polymers in pressmans include high impact polystyrene ( HIPS ) and acrylonitrile-butadiene cinnamene ( ABS ) . However, all plastics in pressmans are non needfully HIPS or ABS and 86 % of plastic in pressmans are reclaimable ( William et al 2002 ) . An excluding per centum is non reclaimable due to the presence of filets. However, for the simpleness of our instance survey, we assume that pressman plastics are ABS. We will be sing chief fabrication stuff in life rhythm and will non concentrate on the intermediate stuff processing, packaging and transportation. A tabular array for boxing stuff stock list has been reprocessed from information beginnings ( Jason et al 2005 ) . Legal Duty HP is successfully conformity with environmental related Torahs. These includes European brotherhood limitation of Hazardous Substances ( ROHS ) , WEE Direcive and many more. The ROHS enforce that any electronic merchandise fabrication company must do it certain that the merchandise or constituent may non incorporate lead, quicksilver, Cd, bexavalent, Cr, PBB and PBDE flameretardants more than and over the limitation imposed by jurisprudence. All HP merchandises are conformity with Eu ROHS alteration ( ROHS 2 ) , Turkey ROH, China ROH and all other Ro hiking limitations. HP was one of the few companies who foremost of all achieved complience with EU ROHS in stuff choice non merely in its subdivisions in Europe but in all over the universe. EU ROHS was implemented in 2006. The policy of conformity with material limitation harmonizing to EU ROHS is obvious from one-year study of HP. The one-year study provides a comprehensive treatment and decision on acceptance of material limitation in Al its planetary unit to follow environmental jurisprudence. The HP is besides conformity with WEEE directive. The directing enforce duty on manufacturer of a merchandise to to take back and recycle their ain merchandises. The purpose of directive is to cut down landfill, C print and encourage makers to bring forth less waste.. Critical Review of Company EMS system Policy Every administration concerned with environmental protection has fixed some duties in its charters towards the benefit of environment through its operations.HP is committed to supply environmental protection and therefore it has duties witin administration, with provider and towards general populace every bit good to guarantee that they understand environmental protection. HP has non merely audit system within its ain administration but besides an internal audit system to peep into suppier fabrication system against environmental duties. HP is non a individual unit but it is globally dispersed and has subsideries through out the universe. Head office of HP Ltd is responsible to maintain an appropriate EMS at all of its subordinates. Each concern unit has an environmental guidance commission on environment, heath and safety and a manager of environmental plans. HP has an effectual supply concatenation direction system that is responsible to describe environmental issues in its one-yea r planetary citizenship study. Planing Planning is the first measure in any direction activity. Similarly, HP has an accurateplanning policy for its EMS. Protection of planetary citizenship by carry throughing environmental protection responcibility is ultimate aim in planning policy. The planning policy is non merely HP ‘s planning for EMS. The planning policy besides provide a tool for subordinates and deperndent concerns to develop and pull off their EMS. A council specialised in environmental issues and established to cover with EMS is known as Environmental Strategic Council in HP organizational construction. For illustration, few old ages ago, the strategic council took determination on exclusion of some chemicals from fabricating procedure. The chemicals were unsafe for wellness and safety and may foul environment due to long permanent effects. There was a affair ofcost rise in caseof following safe stuff but strategic council advise to follow safer chemicals instantly and research for cost effectual safer ch emicals in future. Planning is used in planing, material subdivision, energy efficiency, selling and fabrication stages to guarantee EMS has been considered at every phase of a merchandise. The impact of pressman use on environment can be best understood by sing C print produced as a consequence of energy use during its industry, usage and so in waste disposal. All phases of pressman should be considered get downing from, pressman industry to the terminal of printer life. None of the phases can be ignored as disregarding any stage will non number the existent sum of CO2 production at that phase. For illustration, if we ignore fabricating phase so we can disregard the CO2 produced at fabrication phase of the pressman. Execution and operation HP has an effectual direction system that addresses labour issues, labour direction issues, EMS issues, human resource issues, ehical issues and supply concatenation issues. The HP direction has arranged two audit systems. The internal audit system carry out frequent audits depending upon the degree and sum of hazard. The external audits are conducted to keep ISO 14001 and 9000 enfranchisement. The figure of external and internal audits vary harmonizing to the size of site aswell as the complexness of an administration. In HP Ltd, same scheme is applied for internal audits. However, the external audits are normally twice a twelvemonth to maintain ISO criterions. External audits are besides used as a tool to step and record the green house gas emanation. Internal audits farther verify these informations and helps in modifying EMS to decrese green house gas in future. Environmental protection is besides closely associated with wellness and safety ordinances. Therefor internal audits on wellness and safety are besides conducted on a regular basis by wellness and safety commission. 4.4 Communication Communication is an indispensable tool for successful operation of a company. Communication is divided into two parts ; an internal communicating and an external communicating. HP Ltd has really effectual communicating system that was further strengthened by constitution of stakeholder battle council in 2006. Stakeholder engagement council consist on HP ‘s senior directors and guarantee company ‘s relationship with NGO and other stakeholders. The council members are responsible to supply comprehensive support to identify holders in all issues. These issues may be everyday, environmental, opratonal, organizational, preparation, audt or administration. The council member make certain that stakeholder understand the HP ‘s environmental policy and follow it efficaciously. HP doesnot go forth stakeholder in isolaton but provide an integrating communicating with stakeholder into concern pattern. The communicating is carried efficaciously in HP with the aid of be aftering tool, stakeholder battle, on-line information, cognition and database, practical and physical support centres and employee ‘s support. The degree and resource of communicating in HP Ltd includes meetings, studies, input consequences, one-year studies, action programs, policy and processs, conferences and docket Sessionss. HP communicates with clients, providers, contractors and sub-contractors, stakeholders, NGOS, local and international environmental bureaus, employees and empolyers to better understand emerging environmental issues. Documentation HP has policy to document all its activities. Most of important activites are accessable through its one-year studies. HP is working towards environmental ends. It has besides adopted paperless schemes like other environmentally friendly administrations. Therefore most of HP paperss can be achieved on-line. The on-line paperss include HP providers, occupationa wellness andsafety policy, environmental guidelines, merchandise purchase understanding, purchase order term and conditions and many more. Emergency readiness Checking and disciplinary action The involvement of HP limited is existent and can be realised by HP programme to run a charting class of environmental leading in market. The EMS analyzer package, environmental advanced classs, reuse of stuff and following new engineerings are adequate grounds to label HP as an environmentally friendly company. HP has introduced a construct of environmtal matrices as a step of environmental efficiency. The matrices are focused on C print of a merchandise during its development. The usage of environmental matrices is an advanced thought as compared to life rhythm analysis methodological analysis. The environmental public presentation matrices are treated as standard units and are applicable to both domestic and commercial merchandises. HP has non merely improved its merchandises but besides recalled any merchandise, it found hazard to climate. For illustration, the pressmans either industrial, commercial or domestic usage some chemicals in the signifier of ink which is harmful to the environment and human wellness ( Dias 2004 ) . These chemical are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and besides do important harm to lungs, skin and nervous tissues if exposed for long clip. The harmful stuffs used in pressman besides contain really hazadorous stuff including Silver, Phosphoric acid and Isopropyl intoxicant. HP has taken a careful attack and introduced less harmful chemicals. One of such steps is the arid printing. The waterless engineering reduces VOCs ( Volatile Organic Compound ) emanations by 98 % . The VOC are the major subscriber in formation of low degree Ozone ( Counsell et al 2007 ) . The low degree ozone can do respiratory jobs and worsen asthma and other respiratory diseases. The VOC are gasses dwelling on harmful chemicals with negative wellness effects. These chemicals cause environmental pollution by distributing crude oi l based ink dies ( Erbes 1996 ) . Petroleum based inks have been the traditional pick in the printing industry. These inks are non considered as environmentally friendly. The other disadvantages of crude oil based inks are the usage of non-renewable resource-petroleum. HP has introduced ink betterment in print industry. These inks are vegetable based and soy based inks and let go of few fractions of VOC. Management Review HP has adopted EMS system for many old ages but it is continuously updated after reappraisal, alteration and amendments in the visible radiation of feedback received by assorted resources. EMS is reviewd andupdated by assorted ways. For illustration, HP run an on-line moralss class for its employees and each employee is tracked either he has updated his preparation or non. In add-on to moralss preparation, other preparations like environmental protection, wellness and safety, fire drill, emergy emptying and consciousness of policy and processs are besides availablein local and multiple linguistic communications. The best illustration of a compulsory preparation at Canada HP centre is called â€Å" Work Well † preparation and cnsist on ergonometric appraisal and compulsory preparation faculties. Stakeholders are besides involved in environmental awareness preparation but it is conducted by HP employees directy interacting with external stakeholders by virtuousness of their busi nss activities. An on-line consciousness an preparation programm is besides available through HP chief web site. In add-on to earlier mentionedtrainings, HP arrange leading, entire quality direction preparations and any farther preparation, it considered necessary for the protection of gobal environment. Life rhythm analysis and EMS Global heating, environmental pollution, industrial reforms to pull off environmental pollution and human attempts to command planetary heating are hot issues now-a-days ( Curran 1996 ) . Every merchandise has a life rhythm get downing from its fabrication to its terminal of life ( Lehman 2007 ) . The life rhythm appraisal ( LCA ) is a important tool to measure the impact of a merchandise on environment throughout its life ( Hischier 2007 ) . Mechanical and fabricating applied scientists can take benefit of LCA informations of a merchandise to reexamine and revise the stuff, design and engineering of the merchandise to cut down its negative impact on the environment ( Fussler et al 1996 ) . With the information of LCA of the merchandises, it is possible to choose environmentally friendly stuff to do merchandises pleasant, less harmful to environment and more efficient ( Guinee 2001 ) . Cost has been a important inducement but information of planetary heating has changed man of affair s and purchaser ‘s position about a merchandise ( Newton 1993 ) . Both purchaser and concern adult male is more attractive to environmentally friendly merchandise ( Cramer et al 1997 ) . Use of computing machines in modern epoch has created a batch of peripheral and accoutrements used parallel to the computing machines. Printers, scanners, web Cam and many other accoutrements are mundane usage in modern epoch. Each of these merchandises is made of assorted stuffs and therefore has assorted phases of life rhythm. There are three important methods to measure the environmental impact of a merchandise ( James 1997 ) . These are known as eco-point, eco-cost and eco-compass. In life rhythm environmental cost analysis ( LCECA ) , the eco costs are included into the entire cost of the merchandise. The LCA of a pressman has been outlined in figure ( 1 & A ; 2 ) get downing from its industry to the terminal of life. The life rhythm of the pressman defines the stuff and energy associated with the pressman over its life rhythm from the extraction, aggregation of the natural stuff at production site, production procedure, its usage, reuse, recycling or disposal at the terminal of life and its part in the planetary C pes print. In a existent sense, the LCA of pressman is an analysis of the stuff and energy flow till the terminal of merchandise life. The packaging and transportation of pressmans besides contribute to the C print and do a part in their life rhythm ( Hischier 2007 ) . The packaging consists on composition board box, poster board, and paper manual and polystyrene restraints ( PEPI 2008 ) . There may be strips of paper film editings as been used to procure pressman packaging in the yesteryear. Transportation and transit of pressman besides contribute in the C print of th e planetary heating Figure 1 ; LCA Figure 2 ; Printer Life Cycle stages The pressmans use paper, ink and electricity through out of their life rhythm. The cartridges consist on polythene Terephthalate ( PET ) glass filled polyester and electronics. Largely, LCA of a merchandise is focused to happen out impact on C pes printing ( Guinee 2001 ) . Harmonizing to a research conducted by HP on its inkjet pressman LCA, paper has a important part in carbon pes printing ( HP 2009 ) . Contribution to carbon pes printing is a planetary nomenclature to happen out environmental impact of a merchandise during its lifecycle ( Fussler 1996 ) . An stock list tabular array has been reprocessed by taking information from two resources ( See table 1for pressman and table 2 & A ; 3 for Cartridge and packaging ) . Item`Note Metallic elements ( Total ) 910 Steel 696 Aluminum 165 Copper 49 Motor Winding Plastic ( Total ) 2179 Reclaimable 1887 Non-Recyclable 292 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 163 Hip 1472 Others plastics 544 Includes elastomers etc Others Genera 144 Electronicss ( Total ) 507 Including external overseas telegram and power supply. Printer Total 3740 Recyclable ( Total ) 2947 Includes reclaimable metals, plastics, Cu etc. Reclaimable ( % ) 79 % Table 1 ( Inventory tabular array reproduced by information sourced Jason et al 2005 ; William et Al 2002 ) Ratio between reclaimable and non-recyclable stuff in an inkjet pressman Figure 3 ; Comparison between reclaimable and non-recyclable stuff Inventory tabular array reproduced by information sourced Jason et al 2005 ; William et Al 2002Cartridge MaterialItemMass ( gm )NotePlastics ( entire )20PET+ 15 % GF20Other PlasticsOther Generals ( entire )Electronicss4Ink21Black 21 g/Color 42 gCartridge Total45Table 2 ( Jason et al 2005 ; William et Al 2002 )Printer PackagingTable 3Printer PackagingItemMass ( gm )NotePolystyrene0.014Transporting restrainPolycarbonate0.015CadmiumPaperboard/Cardboard0.881Office paper0.107Manual etcPackaging ( Total )1.017Table 3 Jason et Al 2005 ; William et Al 2002 )

Sunday, September 29, 2019

The Uk Has a Multi Party System Rather Than a Two Party System

The UK has a multi- party system rather than a two party system. Discuss. A political two party system is one where two parties have complete dominance over voting, in terms of seats and the general vote. The multi- party system however describes a system where more than two parties have the ability to win role as government. In this essay I will give a balanced argument on whether Britain is a two party, or multi- party system.Throughout a significant period in history, 1945-79, a two party system was obviously predominant; the Labour and Conservative parties being the only two with the possibility of achieving majority vote and therefore forming a government. People voted for the party which represented their social class e. g. Conservative for middle class and Labour for working class. The clear distinction between which social classes would benefit from the two parties rule kept these two parties as a high percentage of the vote. In the elections leading up to 2005 Labour and Con servative seats were a significantly high number compared to other parties e. . in 1992 Conservatives had 336 seats, labour-271 and other parties 44, meaning no other party had a real chance of winning, no matter what the vote favoured, which incidentally also supported the two dominant parties with 41. 8% Conservative votes, 34. 2% Labour votes and only 19% of votes for other parties. The structure of the House of Commons also supports this idea because the two main parties sit on opposite benches in parliament, creating a government vs. opposition system, where the two main parties move between these two seats, currently with Labour as the opposition.The first-past-the-post voting system also supports this idea because it doesn’t allow smaller powers a chance for a place in power, as they don’t have enough MPs in comparison to stronger parties. Although, the Liberal Democrat’s seats in parliament have increased significantly, if it weren’t for the votin g system, their numbers are likely to have doubled. Although people have started to look towards more minor parties such as the Green Party who want to deal with important current issues such as war, as well as their main focus-the environment, these parties are still not gaining enough votes or seats to make them significantly prominent.This leaves the continuation of two ruling parties. It could be argued, however, that the two party system which was once in place is declining, meaning more parties have a realistic chance to achieve role as government. In the last thirty years the support for the Conservative and Labour parties has been gradually decreasing, leaving them with only 67% of the vote at the 2005 general election, which was the smallest percentage they’d gained since 1918.This is an example of partisan dealignment because the working class started to transfer their party support to Conservative instead of Labour. The Liberal Democrats support was significantly i ncreasing, leaving them with 22% of the vote in the 2005 election as well as 62 seats. Their seat numbers had been increasing since 1974 when they only had 14 seats in parliament, suggesting a change in the dominance of only two parties. Today, the Liberal Democrats, who haven’t been considered a main party since, are currently the weaker part of a coalition government, with Labour in opposition.This shows a clear end to the two party system, with three parties in significant places of power. Despite the two party voting system which has been practiced in different regions since 1997, a multi-party system still exists in the House of Commons because three parties currently have the majority of party power, meaning that it is the main structure of the UK party system. The current coalition government includes the Liberal Democrats who have not recently been considered as one of the two major parties.This shows that the two party system is no longer in place; which suggests tha t in the future more coalition governments could completely eliminate the two party system for good. Although it can be argued that the UK has a multi- party system at government level, a two party system seems to exist in different regions. For example, the two dominant parties in London are Conservative and Labour, whereas in the rural South it’s Conservative and Liberal Democrats.Therefore as a country the UK does not represent the two party system or multi- party system, examples of both can be seen in different political areas. To conclude, a balanced argument can be drawn in response to this statement but I personally believe, although in the past a continuing trend of a two party system has existed, today this system is declining, with Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrats as the primary parties.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

“Fair Game” Film Review Essay

Born in New York City in 1965, director Doug Liman is known for producing multiple things from the T.V series the â€Å"O.C† (very successful) to another T.V series that flopped in â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Smith (which only aired the pilot). He is most known for his work with â€Å"The Bourne Identity† saga. Which leads us to one of his most recent works â€Å"Fair Game†. When talking about what particular â€Å"genre† this movie possessed, we will have to quote â€Å"IMDB† and use the words Biography, drama, and thriller. As Haas would protest when the controversial conversation would come up about if it fits the political â€Å"genre†. He would simply break movies into four categories, which fits into â€Å"Politically Reflective Films†, â€Å"Socially Reflective Films†, â€Å"Pure Political Films†, and â€Å"Auteur Political Films†. I would actually put this somewhere around the â€Å"Pure Political Film† cate gory in my opinion. It opened in October 2010 and starred Naomi Watts (Valerie Plume), Sean Penn (Joe Wilson), and Sonya Davison (Chanel Suit). Watts is known for her busy career including movies like â€Å"21 grams†, and the two â€Å"Ring† movies. Penn has been just as busy performing in classics such as â€Å"Fast Times at Ridgemont High† to teaming up with Watts in â€Å"21 grams†. â€Å"Fair Game was nominated for 6 awards, taking home two victories. It was the 2010 â€Å"Best Narrative Feature† at the Mill Valley Festival Awards. It also claimed the â€Å"Freedom of Expression Award† at the National Board of Review. With top-notch actors, and an experienced aggressive director, â€Å"Fair Game† set out to become a memorable film and a must see. Did it succeed? Let me start critiquing the empirical (content) part of the film as mentioning the character Joseph Wilson, who served as a U.S ambassador to Gabon, San Tome, and Principe in previous duty. He was a diplomat with a very heavy opinion and was also very blunt. He was sent to Niger to investigate the situation of the White Houses suspicion that Iraq was buying Uranium from the African country for Nuclear power. Wilson who was approached because his wife Valerie Plume was employed by the Central Intelligence Agency (who’s character we will get into later), accepted to her approval. As Wilson came back from his endeavor he heard the famous speech that Bush gave when he addressed the Union. He became very prideful and stubborn with what he knew. He simply thought that it was untrue in every way possible. He went on to submit a piece in the â€Å"New York Times† claiming these reports to be false. Not only does this strike outrage with his stance with the White House, but it puts his wife’s job in jeopardy. This ultimately causes his wife’s identity as a CIA officer to leak (only Wilson and parents knew before this). This puts an end to Valerie Plume’s operations in which she had been helping a family of 15 get out of Baghdad during war, which caused a great deal of stress and trust being broken. Then both started receiving death threats and could not be seen in public without getting ambushed by reporters, taxi drivers, among others. The once happy marriage was being put to the test as Valerie takes the kids to her parent’s house searching for answers. Eventually as time passes by, Valerie realizes that he was right to fight the â€Å"wrong fight† (Valerie was also considered as â€Å"Fair Game† as one quote in the movie indicated.). She then proceeds to show up back at their home with a quote I loved from the dialogue, â€Å"Are you ready to fight?† Plume finally decides to back her husband and goes in front of congress to tell the truth and everything she knows about the situation. She says she does her best as a covert operational officer and it’s because she loves her job and her country. This ends with National Security adviser Scooter Libby being charged with perjury and obstruction of justice. One thing that I was appreciative of was the way director Doug Liman set the stage from the beginning in how he wanted you to portray this movie. He took you into the behind the scenes of the White House after September 11, 2001. He showed you what kind of pressure was on not only the president and White House, but also all of the related institutions including the CIA. The biggest threat to America was Iraq and Suddam Hussein. As America eagerly waited a rebuttal or response from Bush and company, the president came up with a game plan. That game plan set the pitch for the rest of the movie. In justifying taking action against Hussein and Iraq, Bush addresses the State of the Union in 2003 alluding to Uranium’s use in building weapons of mass destruction. Was this true? This is only up to ones opinion at this time. My take on what a good movie needs to do is to ultimately grab the viewer right from the start. This sets the tone for the rest of the movie. Most audiences (which James Combs quotes â€Å"A film participates in a political time not in how it was intended, but how it was utilized by those who saw it.† ) feel bored and robbed when movies sometimes do this, but it is necessary to get the full effect at the end. â€Å"Fair Game† simply did a fairly decent job setting up the viewers by telling Valerie’s character story first, this makes most appreciate her, so it kind of puts you in her shoes when she awakes one day and her husband’s opinion is in the paper (something that would forever change her life). I like how it put my mind to a critical thinking stage. What would I do in her situation? This in my eyes makes a great film. There were also parts of the film that I did not care so much about and I will explain why. First if Iraq and Suddam Hussein were the main threats as terrorist to the United States, doesn’t that give us enough justice to go to war with them as it is? Why need to make up something about nuclear power (if that was the case) in order to get the ok. This is a true example of what I do not like about â€Å"biographies† that relate so much into the current events. Something to this nature (even though it is fiction) bothers me in the slight est. The second thing was the story of Hammad and his 15 family members waiting to get to safe territories out of Baghdad because of Valerie’s word. It simply turns a huge story which kind of dominated most of the movie, into â€Å"Hammad and family are missing†. I was just hoping for a better conclusion to that story. This seemed to get the director to his main message no matter the case. Overall I believe the main point of this movie was to give you the overall behind the scenes look at the political side of things after a recent tragedy such as September 11, 2001. It shows you every angle that’s involved including the White House outlook to the CIA, to every one person being affected by these situations. It discusses that there are a ton of things that go on behind the scenes that not many people ever get to see. Things like this beg you to ask the question every time there is a current event situation. Is it true? Along with discussing and analyzing it. The one thing you do not do is write a post to the newspaper questioning the president, because we all know (quote from movie said to Wilson â€Å"The White House men are the most powerful people in the world†.) how that ends up. My rating for this movie was 3 out of 4 stars. I enjoyed most of it, especially the plot. I also thought the acting had a big affect on turning a good movie to something more. I enjoyed going back a few years and remembering exactly what I was doing during the time of these current events. Only a few nitpicks that I didn’t like which could’ve had my rating go even higher, which I discussed earlier. When suggesting this film to others, I would only recommend if politics were at a interest in you. If not the case, I could think of other films instead. I have friends that are both. I am going to conclude this review with a quote from the movie. Jack replies to Valerie when she is questioning his actions. I thought of it as being very deep, â€Å"Do you want to be loyal to your husband or to the CIA?† The following were used as resources for my work: 1. IMDB.com 2. Political Matinee: Hollywood’s Take on American Politics, edited by Richard Herrera

Friday, September 27, 2019

Strategic analysi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic analysi - Essay Example However, in 1991, Racal Telecom was renamed as Vodafone (Vodafone, 2013). Currently, it is the second largest telecommunication company of the world in terms of revenue as well as the total number of subscribers. As of June 2013, the company had a total subscriber base of 453 million (Vodafone, 2013). The company operates in more than 60 countries of the world. In the financial year 2012-13, Vodafone earned  £44.445 billion as the total revenue and the profit was  £429 million (Vodafone, 2013). The figures above clearly represent the stable market position of the company. The success of Vodafone can be attributed to the diversified business portfolio. Vodafone not only offers telecom services, but also offer internet services, direct to home (DTH) services and various other physical telecom devices such as USB modem, Vodafone Eurotraveller, Amobee Media System and financial services in the form of money transfer (Vodafone, 2013). Despite strong market position, there are numerous growth opportunities for the firm. In this turbulent phase of business, it is extremely important for a firm to pursue innovative strategies so as to maintain their existing market position (Stacey, Grifï ¬ n and Shaw, 2000). In the similar way, it is important to continue with innovative approaches so as to ensure long term sustainability and better future. Therefore, in order to recommended strategies for the future, it is important to analyse the current market trends and scenario of the telecommunication industry. According to reports, managing the rapid changes taking place in the industry is one of the keys to success for a company (Deloitte, 2013). The telecommunication industry of Europe is growing at a rate of 6.7% per annum and has been the highest in comparison to other service sectors (Government of UK, 2014). In this segment, the study seeks to analyse the industry from the European context and to do this strategic management tools such as Porter’

Thursday, September 26, 2019

War in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War in Iraq - Essay Example Islam has a great impact on all aspects of culture determining social and political traditions of the state. Democracy contradicts with norms and values of Islam forcing citizens to change their century-old tradition and rituals. In this case, "Republicans, warned that withdrawing U.S. troops before the Iraqi army is fully prepared to defend the country against an intractable insurgency would lead to more violence and possible civil war" (Tate, 2006). Still, the organization of authority on the basis of democracy in Iraq is connected with difficulties: the necessity of the majority of citizens' participation, compulsion of decision-making, etc. The withdrawal of the troops will hurt the USA because the presence of the US Army in this region minimizes terrorists' activities and proliferation of terrorist ideas into other countries. Terrorist raids usually appear to be very well organized, which may account for their relative infrequency. Also, it is commonly asserted that terrorist raiders are able to reduce their chances of being caught by not having individuals go on successive raids. "There is no question that Iraq is an important, if not the most important, theater in terms of the fight against Al Qaeda" (Johnson, 2006).In addition, the main advantage of current democratic processes is that they allow liberalization of trade and political participation, grant women a right to vote and increase freedom of speech. The presence of the US Army in Iraq can be seen as a protective measure against further terror attacks and development of weapons of mass destruction threatened the US population. In sum, the war is over but there are a lot of problems which have not been... The withdrawal of the troops will hurt the USA because the presence of the US Army in this region minimizes terrorists’ activities and proliferation of terrorist ideas into other countries. Terrorist raids usually appear to be very well organized, which may account for their relative infrequency. Also, it is commonly asserted that terrorist raiders are able to reduce their chances of being caught by not having individuals go on successive raids. â€Å"There is no question that Iraq is important, if not the most important, theater in terms of the fight against Al Qaeda†. In addition, the main advantage of current democratic processes is that they allow liberalization of trade and political participation, grant women a right to vote and increase freedom of speech. The presence of the US Army in Iraq can be seen as a protective measure against further terror attacks and development of weapons of mass destruction threatened the US population. In sum, the war is over but there are a lot of problems which have not been solved yet. Iraq needs to look further than the cornerstone of its own tradition, but its government and military are weak enough to resist terrorist tension and protect native citizens from oppression. The presence of the US military in Iraq is crucial. Political changes support democratic changes through complicated international political affairs and the emergence of new ideological challenges, but the Iraqi government is unable to maintain strong political and economic control in the country.

Ethical Enalysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Enalysis - Essay Example AFP solved the issue by superimposing a digitally created AFP logo over the VyT sign, thereby blocking it out. This paper analyses the above case study with respect to different ethical theories, like Kantianism, Utilitarianism and Social contract theory. Kantian views of ethics can be summarized as follows; â€Å"What a person should do and what a person wants to do are often not compatible. Doing what one wants to do would usually bring immediate gratification/happiness, but might not benefit the person in the long run. On the other hand, doing what one should do may cause immediate discomfort/unhappiness, even if it is good for the person† (Maccarelli, 2006) Kant identifies imagination as the very root of finite reason. He believed that reasons are subjective in most of the cases. (Rockmore, 2000) It is not necessary that the â€Å"rights† of a person might be the â€Å"right† of other as well. We are living in a society which consists of different people engaged in different activities having different beliefs as well. But in order to live in a society, man should follow certain norms of the society. These norms may not be always viable for a person for his own selfish interests. The society can think in term s of the general well-being of the communities rather than the individual comfort. In the given case study, AFP’s action may bring immediate success to the company. But in the long run such things may not provide any goods either to the company or to the society in which the company is operating. AFP has given the right of telecasting the actual things happened on the specific location during the occasion. In a live show, they have no moral right to alter things or the environment. Editing can be done in television programs but not is reality shows or live programs. If the television companies try to manipulate things in their

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

People and Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

People and Organisation - Essay Example It is important for any organization to cater to the needs of its employees and ensure they are motivated, competent, and knowledgeable enough to align their personal goals with the organization's goals. This in turn helps in achieving customer satisfaction. In today's every changing dynamic world where the corporate environment is changing every moment, it is mandatory to realize the employees as an organization's most important asset as it is them who make or break an organization. They are competent to handle and properly use critical information and are motivated to handle the responsibilities bestowed upon them. For this purpose, a separate department is designated usually named as the 'human resource' department and this is present in almost every contemporary organization. These departments are responsible to attract the proficient work force present to work in their organization. Human Resource management relates to the activities that are undertaken to attract, develop and maintain an effective workforce within an organization. Over the past decade, human resource management has gotten rid of the 'personnel' image and has gained recognition as a vital player in corporate strategy. To achieve this purpose, managements try to ensure that they inculcate such a corporate culture in the organization that fosters the growth of employees as an individual. It is very important to maintain employee satisfaction because if employees are not comfortable in the workplace and they don't find the space that they need to work effectively, they might not be motivated adequately to work in the cause of the organization. The corporate culture prevailing in an organization indicates how the employees of the organization might react to the changes that are taking or are allowed to react to the changes. ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS Declining sales might be a symptom of a problem that is prevailing in an organization. The real dilemma is not understanding the root of the problem. Organizational analysis helps in the root of the problem that exists in a certain company. Incorrect assessment of the problem might lead to further imperfections. Therefore, correct diagnosis of problem is equally important. There are many tools that are used to analyze and evaluate organizations. The most common ones are SWOT analysis, Scoping, Questionnaires and systematic constellations. These methods mainly use information from the employees and evaluate it to understand the underlying problem that an organization is facing and helps to then map out a strategy for the organization to follow. The real world out there is more complex and intricate then mentioned in the books that we study or come across. It is very difficult to then comprehend the real life situations and evaluate them on the basis of the concepts that have been studied. MANAGING CHANGES IN AN ORGANIZATION Change is a phenomenon that always accompanies major disapprovals by everyone who is being affected by the process. In large organizations, managing a change is gigantic task that is bestowed upon the management for the betterment of the organizati

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Ethics and Professional Code of Conduct Research Paper - 1

Ethics and Professional Code of Conduct - Research Paper Example Police chiefs and Sheriffs are responsible for integrity, ethics and morality in the police force. However, they are unable to supervise the juniors effectively necessitating other approaches like training. According to Popa, Naghi and Isopescu (2012), professional ethics is from the Greek words â€Å"Deontos† and â€Å"Logos† meaning, â€Å"What must be done† and â€Å"the science of†. It includes a set of rules and regulations, which all professionals in the government including the police must follow at all times. The objective of the professional code is to ensure professionals respect the rule of law, the natural law and moral rule (Popa, Naghi and Isopescu, 2012). Rule of law dictates what is right and wrong in accordance to the law (Popa, Naghi and Isopescu, 2012). The natural law dictates what is right or wrong naturally and morality dictates what is right or wrong basing on the accepted principles (Popa, Naghi and Isopescu, 2012). Professional ethics and integrity are important to the police for many reasons. One, the police swear to protect the interests of the people in a given jurisdiction when starting their career. In this case, they are indebted to ensure that all people feel safe in their homes businesses and across the jurisdiction (Kadleck, 2003). Second, failure to follow the set rules and laws may lead to injustice even when the police officers have good intentions (Kadleck, 2003). Thirdly, lacks of ethics and professional code of conduct weaken the society (Kadleck, 2003). In this case, when people realize something bad is happening in the society, they do not report because they know the relevant authorities will not address the issue accordingly. For example, when a person breaks the law and instead of police officers arresting and charging the person, they take bribe and free the person. If the society gets to know of such things, they would be sceptical

Monday, September 23, 2019

Young Entrepreneurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Young Entrepreneurs - Essay Example This project also aimed at providing light to school going children from poor families who could not stand the smoke of the local kerosene lamp. The idea of developing the solar-powered lantern was originally presented by Wadongo at a local congress of young innovative youth’s forum in Kenya and was picked as a promising one with the potential to solve a problem in the community (Arrillaga-Andreessen, 2012). Wadongo did a lot of his research on the design and the sizes that most suited the targeted population. Through his various attempts to design a sustainable product that would not only last for long but also provide a cleaner source of energy, he came up with something that has been appreciated worldwide. His bight idea that only started in a small village in Kenya has now been recognized worldwide on various forums (Arrillaga-Andreessen, 2012). According to the locals, Wadongo’s project is one that has helped more children go back to school and the impact is felt almost immediately. The performances have increased in most schools that have adopted the use of the Solar-powered lantern. According to Wadongo, his project hasn’t reached its peak yet with several additions intended to be made. He wants to extend the scheme to cover more areas in the country, and at the same time sells his solar tapped power to major towns. He says that this approach will work best for him due to the frequent power blackouts experienced in those towns. His idea was driven by the fact that 90% of the country’s power is generated from hydro-power stations and the need for other reliable means of power generation was needed. According to Wadongo, the current power rates in the country are very high, and the consumers will welcome any form of cushioning. With the rates currently at Ksh 75 per kW unit, he intends to produce up to a total of 1000 kW for different premises.  Ã‚  

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Love and Patriotism Essay Example for Free

Love and Patriotism Essay Patriotism is a frame of mind in which one loves ones country and is proud of it. It is a vigorous feeling of love, loyalty and support for ones country especially in defense against its enemies. It means that one should give more value and importance to ones country than to ones own self. It makes one bound for certain responsibilities, and these responsibilities are ideological commitment and dedication to the defense and prosperity of ones country. Only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. (Nathan Hale) Man is a social animal. It is hard for him to breathe in isolation. Contact with his fellow beings is inevitable for mutual growth and economic development. Patriotism creates unity among the people for a noble cause and trains them to tolerate one and other and sacrifice for the country. Soldiers die not in hatred but in love. (Anonymous) Patriotism is a virtue that converts a mob into nation. Nations rise and prosper if their individuals are united by a cord of love, sympathy and sincerity. People learn to honor the freedom and independence of their country. They learn that they can prosper and progress if they have a deep natural relation with their country. Birds fly towards their nests, children rush to take refuge in the lap of their mothers and human beings move towards their homes for peace and shelter, and so is our country that gives us protection and peace. It is a sort of heaven for us. We should try our best to make it beautiful, secure, strong and peaceful. Our existence definitely depends on the existence and survival of our dear homeland. We can do so if we have an ultimate faith in our country. We must not undermine our relationship and association which we have with our homeland by birth. Waste no more time arguing about what a good man should be. Be one. (Mareus) Disciplined armed forces, hardworking and skillful craftsmen, diligent and committed women, and ambitious students have only one aim and that is to serve their country. They believe that their personal achievement will benefit not only themselves but also their country. They want to raise the flag of their country because they have a strong sense of patriotism. Love works wonders. Miracles are not beyond us if we are fired with the passion of patriotism. Patriotism fills us with a magnetic force which overcomes all our petty differences of languages and creeds.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

History of the Japanese Samurai

History of the Japanese Samurai The Samurai: Warrior and Ruler of Ancient Japan Few countries have a warrior tradition as long and exciting as Japan. It is a tradition found in the Samurai, the loyal and self-sacrificing knight of ancient Japan. The Samurai is a valiant warrior who can both appreciate the beauty of nature in that of a rose blossom but will also kill or die for his master in an instant. This well-rounded warrior was the ruling class of Japan for almost seven hundred years. He fought for control of his country and to keep Japan free from outside influences. (Turnbull 1) This aristocratic warrior class arose during the 12th century wars between the Taira and Minamoto clans and was consolidated in the Tokugawa period. Samurai were privileged to wear two swords, and at one time had the right to cut down any commoner who offended them. They cultivated the martial virtues, indifference to pain or death, and unfailing loyalty to their overlords. Samurai were the dominant group in Japan. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai were removed from direct control of the villages, moved into the domain castle towns, and given government stipends. They were encouraged to take up bureaucratic posts. The Hagakure, has been dubbed the book of the samurai. It was written after a century of peace around 1716. It came to be the guide of samurai ethics until the end of the feudal period. Its short passages reflect and outline the qualities that make a samurai. Yamamoto Tsunetomo expresses in the hagakure the framework and mindset of being a samurai. â€Å"Although it stands to reason that a samurai should be mindful of the Way of the samurai, it would seem that we are all negligent. Consequently, if someone were to ask, ‘what is the true meaning of the Way of the Samurai?’ the person who should be able to answer promptly is rare. This is because it has not been established in one’s mind beforehand. From this, one’s unmindfulness of the Way can be known. Negligence is an extreme thing.† (Wilson, 17) â€Å"The Way of the Samurai is found in death. When it comes to either/or, there is only the quick choice of death. It is not particularly difficult. Be determined and advance. To say that dying without reaching one’s aim is to die a dog’s death is the frivolous way of sophisticates. When pressed with the choice of life or death, it is not necessary to gain one’s aim. We all want to live. And in large part we make our logic according to what we like. But not having attained our aim and continuing to live is cowardice. This is a thin dangerous line. To die without gaining one’s aim is a dog’s death and fanaticism. There is no shame to this. This is the substance of the Way of the Samurai. If by setting one’s heart right every morning and evening, one is able to live as though his body were already dead, he gains freedom in the Way. His whole life will be without blame, and he will succeed in his calling. (Wilson, 17) The samurai had extreme religious ideals. One samurai in particular, Tsunetomo, he began to despair of ever gaining a position as a retainer, and her began to visit a man who was to have no small influence on his life. This was the Zen Buddhist priest Tannen (? – 1680), a man of unbending integrity and will, who had resigned his post as head priest at the major Nabeshima temple as a protest against the death sentence of another priest, and when recalled, refused to return. Zen Buddhism and the samurai had been closely related since the thirteenth century in Japan, when the Hojo regents had discovered that its vitality and rejection of life as an object of special craving had much to offer the warrior. Tannen had his own ideas concerning the relationship of Zen and the warriors. â€Å"He declares that religious matters are for old men, and if young samurai learn about Buddhism it will only bring them disaster, for they will begin to look at the world from two sets of values ra ther than one.† (Wilson, 13) The warriors of early Japan bore only a passing resemblance to the later samurai. Weaponry and armor were of a distinctly Chinese flavor, and the earliest warriors carried shields, a device evidently out of vogue even before the Heian period. Some of our knowledge of the weapons and protection the early Japanese warrior carried comes from artifacts excavated from the tombs constructed in the 4th and 5th centuries to house departed royalty. Another, just as valuable resource are the haniwa, which were clay statues evidently used as grave markers. A good number of these haniwa depict warriors, and these provide us some insight into the nature of ‘home-grown’ Japanese armor of the time. The horse was imported to Japan sometime in the 4th or 5th century, and quickly became a valuable commodity. Also brought over from the continent were Keiko, or suits of lamellar scaled armor. This type, which is traditionally associated with horsemen, provided the foundation from which the classic patterns of samurai armor construction would build. Just as important is the samurai’s weaponry is the code of ethics by which they lived by which is known as the code of Bushido. This term refers to the moral code principals that developed among the samurai class of Japan, on a basis of national tradition influenced by Zen and Confucianism. The first use of the term apparently occurred during the civil war period of the 16th century; its precise content varied historically as samurai standards evolved. Its one unchanging ideal was martial spirit, including athletic and military skills as well as fearless facing of the enemy in battle. Frugal living, kindness and honesty were also highly regarded. Like Confucianism, Bushido required filial piety; but, originating in the feudal system, it also held that supreme honor was to serve one’s lord unto death. If these obligations conflicted, the samurai was bound by loyalty to his lord despite the suffering he might cause to his parents. The final rationalization of Bushido thought occurred during the Tokugawa period, when Yamaga Soko equated the samurai with the Confucian â€Å"superior man† and taught that his essential function was to exemplify virtue to the lower classes. Without disregarding the basic Confucian virtue, benevolence, Soko emphasized the second virtue, righteousness, which he interpreted as â€Å"obligation† or â€Å"duty†. This strict code of honor, affecting matters of life and death, demanded conscious choice and so fostered individual initiative while yet reasserting the obligations of loyalty and filial piety. Obedience to authority was stressed, but duty came first even if it entailed violation of statue law. In such an instance, the true samurai would prove his sincerity and expiate his crime against the government by subsequently taking his own life. By mid-19th century, Bushido standards had become the general ideal, and the legal abolition of the samurai class in 1871 made Bushido even more the property of the entire nation. In the public education system, with the emperor replacing the feudal lord as the object of loyalty and sacrifice, Bushido became the foundation of ethical training. As such, it contributed both to the arise of Japanese nationalism and to the strengthening of wartime civilian morale up to 1945. The term â€Å"Samurai† means those who serve. These mystical knights served many functions in Japanese society. During time of war, they were the masters of the battlefield. In peace they were the administrators and the aristocrats. As statesmen, soldiers, and businessmen, former samurai took the lead in building modern Japan. The Japanese warrior, known as the samurai, has played a significant role in Japans history and culture throughout the centuries. Their ancestors can be traced back to as far as can be remembered. Some stories have become mysterious legends handed down over the centuries. In this report you will learn who the samurai were, their origins as we know them, how they lived and fought and their evolution to today. It will be clear why the samurai stand out as one of the most famous group of warriors of all times. Looking back in time, the first Japanese battles recorded are in the first few centuries AD. At this time Japanese warriors went across the sea to Korea to help one kingdom battling two rival kingdoms. Four hundred men set out and fought on foot carrying their bows, spears and swords. They were quickly beaten by warriors attacking on horseback. They probably had never seen an attack like that before, with horses being ridden. Even though there were horses in Japan they had not been used for riding or fighting, but to help in carrying and pulling goods. In the next century, however, there is evidence that horses were being ridden and used in warfare by warriors who would later be called samurai (History Channel). The term samurai was first used in the 10th century and means â€Å"those who serve†. In the beginning it stood for men who guarded the capital for the Emperor, some where used as tax collectors. Later the word grew to include any military man who served a powerful landlord, almost like a police force for that time. They would go around the countryside on horseback collecting taxes from the peasants, often this was in the form of rice. This money helped the Emperor pay for his lavish life style. The word, samurai, quickly spread and was respected (and maybe feared a little) for the men it represented. The noblemen depended on the strength of the samurai. Since their power and wealth was directly related to how much land they owned, the noblemen kept small armies of samurai to protect their property from thieves and invaders. Eventually many noble families joined together to form clans that became more powerful than the emperor, who was the traditional head of the Japanese government (How Samurai Work 11). In the 12th century the two most powerful clans were the Minomoto and the Taira. The two came to battle in 1160 with the Taira winning. Twenty years later in 1180 those Minomotos who had escaped death (they were children during the first attack) led a new attack that turned into a war that lasted five years and was called the Gempei War. The Minamotos won, and the emperor made Minamoto Yoritomo shogun, the head of the military. Yoritomo however wanted more and took all power away from the emperor and made himself dictator. At this time the samurai gained power, through land given to them by the new shogun. Their rise in status was beginning. The battles that were fought during The Gempei War were very important in the history of the samurai. They set a new and honorable standard for all samurai to live by. These standards would last throughout the existence of the samurai warrior. The Gempei War provided a role model for Japanese samurai’s courageous and noble behavior (Turnbull 14). Almost all the important characteristics attributed the samurai culture came out of the Gempei war; â€Å"Archery, hand-to-hand fighting, undying loyalty to one’s lord and the tremendous tradition of ritual suicide all have key passages and proof texts in the tales of the Gempi War†(Turnbull 15). The samurai had an unwritten code of honor called the bushido. Bushido means â€Å"way of the warrior† (History of the Samurai 3). This provided them with a code to help show them how to live and conduct themselves at home and in battle. One of the most important duties of the samurai was their loyalty to their lord. The samurai would defend their lord until the death. Revenge was also central in the samurai’s life and if someone had killed their master or attacked their master’s honor revenge must be gotten. The same vengeance was given if they themselves or their family were disrespected or defeated. Not just anyone could become a samurai warrior. You had to be the child of a samurai, being born into this class was a privilege. The samurai were not all rich, in fact their wealth was judged on the amount of Koku (which is the amount of rice that the fields produced). Other things like the size of the samurai’s house were based upon the wealth and rank of the samurai. There were also strict traditions to be followed for a young samurai. When a samurai was born, he would be given a small sword charm to wear on his belt. When the boy is five he gets his first haircut and begins to learn martial arts. At age seven he receives his first wide trousers called hakama. When the young samurai is fifteen he goes through a ceremony called gembuku where the boy becomes a man. He then receives his adult name, his adult haircut, and his first real sword and armor. Most boys would be taught combat skills by their father and eventually as he got older he would be taught by a local sensei. Those boys from wealthier families were expected to be educated men and may be sent to an academy where they would study literature and the arts along with martial arts. The training of the samurai for battle was intensive. There was more than just physical training involved. Strong mental concentration and focus were necessary to channel their energies before battle. The samurai warrior would spend endless hours practicing a set of complex battle movements called kata. â€Å"This practice started slowly at first increasing speed, until they became effortless and perfect. The movements were based on strategies of attack, defense, and counterattack† (Gaskin Hawkins 73). However, the only way these young samurais would ever gain experience is to take part in actual battle. So the sons of the samurai would follow their fathers into battle to test their newly learned fighting techniques. The samurai were also known for having a psychic awareness of the world around them in addition to their great skill. This is something practiced from an early age as well. An example of this keen awareness is seen in the story of three brothers told by their father. The father decided to test the ability of his three sons. He placed a vase on top a door so that it would fall when someone entered. The youngest son entered the room and he cut the vase in half with his sword before it hit the ground. The father’s response was, â€Å"This son has a long way to go.† Then he called for his middle son, this son caught the vase right above his head. This time his father’s response was that, â€Å"he is strong and improving but still has much to learn.† Finally, the oldest was called into the room, when he reaches for the door he immediately feels the weight of the vase. He slides the door open a crack and catches the vase and walks in. His father replies, â€Å" This son is doing well.† (Gaskin Hawkins 75). Their goal for perfections and their training and dedication were endless. The samurai is famous for his sword and it is one his most prized possessions. There are two main swords, one called the katana and the other the wakizashi. The wakizashi is worn on his belt at all times and a shorter blade of the two that was used in battle. The katana is the longer curved sword that was the samurai’s main weapon. The sword is given to a samurai at birth and placed next to that samurai when he dies. The samurai would take the sword everywhere he went, even to bed. It was treated with great respect and most would have been passed down from generation to generation. The process for making each sword from iron and steel is long and tedious requiring many steps and much patience. When finished a decorative handle would be added. The sword makers were respected and treated with almost reverence for the job they performed. â€Å"Like an artist the master sword maker would often sign his work (Gaskins Hawkins 10). This sword would be the difference between life an d death for many samurai. The 1500s began as time known as the Period of Warring States. This term was borrowed from the Chinese even though Japan was battling between families and clans, and not states. The leader of the clan called himself an ashigaru. which means great names. Only the strongest clan could survive these battles and the daimyo would do anything to win. The powerful daimyos had large armies made up of foot soldiers called ashigaru. During this time there was also a big change in how the samurai fought. In addition to using the traditional bows they were introduced to guns for the first time. First the guns came from European traders and were made in China, but it didn’t take long for the Japanese to start manufacturing their own weapons. (Turnbull 19). The samurai’s armor was one of the most elaborate and unique creations of their time. Today they are seen as works of art. Their armor was made from lamellar armor which took small metal plates and fastened them together and covered with a lacquer to make them waterproof. The outside of the armor was very colorful and sewn and covered with silk and leather designs. There were two types of armor, one called yori, which was heavier and used for riding on horseback. The other was called do-maru this was lighter and more practical for the foot soldiers. Both allowed for the samurai to have flexibility to move able to use their weapons and move in battle. This armor covered the entire body from samurai’s helmet to his chest protector and panels protecting his hips, arms and legs. One interesting fact is the about the kote. It is an armored sleeve only worn on the left arm so that the right arm would be free for the samurai to shoot his bow. Even when the bow was no longer us ed for battles this type of armor was seen as honoring a sense of tradition (How Samurai Work 5). The samurai’s helmet was also very important. It provided heavy duty protection to the head and neck. They also wore an â€Å"iron face mask, which might represent demons, ghosts, or barbarians† (Gaskin Hawkins 71) to help intimidate the enemy. An older warrior might want to use the face of a younger warrior so no one would know his age. The heavy duty neck covering helped in battles, and also helped prevent beheadings. Another example of samurai pride and courage is the ritual of burning incense in his helmet before battle. This was done so if he was defeated and beheaded he would leave behind a pleasant scent. Another example of their legendary bravery was in 1281 when Genghis Khan (leader of the Mongols out of Asia) attempted to invade Japan. But, because of the brave samurai and a well timed storm called a kamikaze, they were destroyed along with their ships. The word kamikaze means â€Å"winds of the gods†, but after that day it took on another meaning to include, destroying an enemy. Even in 1945 the term kamikaze pilot was used for the Japanese pilots that attacked the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. This victory against the Mongols was another added to the list of samurai’s brave and notable victories (Gaskin Hawkins 28). To the samurai, their pride went hand in hand with their honor and heritage. One example of this is when one samurai would challenge another to battle. It was tradition at this time for each samurai to speak publicly the names of all his ancestors, along with their accomplishments in battle ( some stories became embellished over time). This showed the deep pride and respect they held for his ancestors. (Turnbull 47). By the 14th century a samurai’s lineage had gotten quite long and just reciting your ancestors was difficult. The family pedigree was so important it was written down to be kept safe at all cost. An example of this devotion is when a samurai’s house caught fire and one samurai volunteered to go in and get the family tree that was written on a banner. â€Å"After the fire they found the samurai laying dead on his stomach, when they turned him over they found he had cut his stomach open and put the family tree inside to protect it from the flames† (Tur nbull 53). This is another example of their devotion to their family and to duty. The ancestors of the samurai were very much involved in the present life of the samurai. Every year during the Bon Festival they would be welcomed back through religious ceremonies. These ceremonies showed a deep appreciation felt toward their ancestors. They felt great gratitude for who they were, this included their name and their status. There were even rituals held before battles to bring the ancestors to help (Turnbull 48). The death of the samurai was treated with the same respect and honor as was his life. Seppuku is the word used for suicide by cutting open the stomach (also known as hari kiri). Seppuku was performed with a dagger. To the samurai warrior seppuku was something to be honored and respected. It could also bring back honor to him and his family if he had been beaten in battle or disgraced. This took incredible bravely and was extremely painful. Often a friend of the samurai’s would to end his pain by cutting off his head. (History Channel). This could also be something planned out ahead of time or done quickly during battle. Nitta Yoshisada is one of the most famous stories of a samurai’s death in 1336. Going into battle one day he was worried, the battle was difficult and he had to lead his men through rice fields. Yoshida went charging in, despite a heavy attack of soldiers and arrows. His horse was hit and fell down pinning him underneath. He had no time or way to reach his stomach to perform seppuku so they say he cut off his own head. This is just one of many extreme acts of seppuku over the many years of the samurai. As clans all over Japan dispersed there became a large amount of samurai without a master these samurai were called ronin. These ronin were different from most samurai because they were not loyal to any lord. Many of them became personal body guards for farm owners, and some became senseis, and others took the time to master the technique of the sword. As time has passed the so did the importance of the samurai warrior. There were no more battles to be fought and peace was among the country. This with Japan becoming a more industrialized nation. After years of isolationism and their declining economy Japan was finally forced to open trade with western countries including the United States. This caused a split in Japan between the conventional samurai ideals and those who wanted to bring in the new ways of the west. In 1876 the emperor decided that there would be no wearing swords unless you were part of the imperial armed forces. This was another symbol of the samurai‘s power no longer needed. Over time the samurai could no longer support themselves and returned to farming or working in cites. The role of the samurai warrior was finished. The Japanese samurais have been extremely influential figures throughout Japan’s history. Their influence has been seen is all aspects of Japanese life from the education of young boys in body and mind, to governing of the Emperors, to the study of the martial arts. Their code of honor and loyalty are traditions that all Japanese respect and try to live up to even today. The self sacrifice of ones own life for a common cause was even seen in World War II when Japanese pilots deliberately crashed their planes into United States ships anchored at Pearl Harbor. This was a devastating attack and can show the horror caused by revenge and their belief in sacrifice and honor. They were even called kamikaze pilots after the famous samurai battle of long ago. The influence of the samurai continues to be seen in Japan today in a positive way with the stories and legends of heroic samurai and the bushido as their guide. Works Cited Gaskin, Carol. and Hawkins, Vince. The Ways of the Samurai. New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, 2003 â€Å"History of the Samurai.† http://home.online.no/~p-loeand/samurai/hist-eng.htm â€Å"How Samurai Work.† http://science.howstuffworks.com/samurai.htm The History Channel: The Samurai. Videocassette. AE Television Networks, 2003. 100 min. Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai, The World of the Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003

Friday, September 20, 2019

Competitive Advantage of First Mover and Late Mover

Competitive Advantage of First Mover and Late Mover Abstract Nowadays due to technology advancement, the way of how businesses were conducted has evolved to be more globally attributed and dependable to technological innovation aids. Furthermore, technology could help a firm to be sustained by having competitive advantage, and this especially true in the situation of where firm had the strong dependency towards technology innovation. Technology had becomes more important to specific firm or business when it has the ability to significantly affect their competitive advantage or industry structure. Thus, it is important for firms to choose and execute their strategy systematically to stay competitive and sustainable in the market. In this report, the strategy of how firms enter a new market will be discussed in term of first-mover and late-mover, taking into account on the creation of how a firm could be either first mover or late-mover, the advantage and disadvantage of being first-mover and late mover, and lastly giving conclusion and insight of what strategy could be better to be implemented in particular situation. Discussion will begin with explanations and definition of what constitute first mover and their advantage and disadvantages. In this part, researcher Marvin B. Lieberman and David B. Montgomery, 1988 in their article survey about first-mover advantages were referred. They enlighten that there are 3 ways of how first-mover could achieve their advantages. The first sources of how first-mover competitive advantage could be triggered are (i) technological leadership, (ii) preemption of assets, and (iii) buyer switching cost. Technological leadership will benefit first-mover in term of leadership in innovation, which ensure the sustainability in technology. Being the first in the market, provide sustainable cost advantage could be achieved if learning curve could be maintained exclusively. This due to the unit production of cost will fall with cumulative output as explained in standard learning-curve model. As learning curve could be made exclusively, this could also make advantage to the first-mover by setting up extensive barrier to entry. Moreover, preemption of assets help first-mover to achieve advantage in term of domination of market shares. As first-mover could controlled the market shares earlier, this provide a barrier for late entrants to seize an amount of market shares which dominated by first-mover. First-mover also could gain the advantage by preempting the scarce asset. By having the control over existing and available assets, first-mover could deter rival in scarce assets acquisition. Preemption of location in geographic and product characteristics also could lead to advantage for those firm which is first-mover. Being the first-mover, advantage could be achieved through preemption of locations in geographic by entering most viable and profitable market earlier than the rivals. Thus, by implementing strategic action to secure and dominates the market, late-mover will find it is so difficult and viewed it as unprofitable to enter the market. This consequently could deter the subsequent entrants. Furthermore, Research and Development (RD) and patents also secure the first-mover advantages. By having extensive and effective RD, this could lead to discovery of new technology, which could be patented. Thus, as patents exist, this could serve as trade secrets. By doing business as the first-mover, this also provide head start for them to do research and exploit all possible potentially new technology, hence provide numerous patents to protect them from patent-race by future rivals. Buyer switching cost, affect first-mover firm advantages in term of time and resources which will be spent by late-movers in qualifying as a new supplier. Whenever late-mover settle in within firstly occupied market by those first-mover, late-mover had the obstacle and resistance in order to be familiarized by the customers or buyer. This will drop profit margin hence, increase operating cost. This will bring harm to late-mover as the costs incurred are higher compared to the first-mover. Besides, switching cost could surface due to supplier specific learning by the buyer or customer. In this situation, when customers are familiar enough with one specific supplier, they will embrace the brand, and become loyal. Therefore, it is quit difficult for new entrants or late-entrants to steal that loyal customer or buyer from the first-mover firm. Moreover, research by Tariq Malik, 2012 which study the advantage of first-mover for a firm when doing strategic alliances with host companies has showed that there is significant advantage for the first mover. (Malik, 2012) The result of this study has support the hypothesis which are first-mover firm in forming an international alliance in China would perform better than late-mover. This finding seen consistent with literature by Lieberman and Montgomery, 1988, and this is due to first-mover creating an environment which is disfavor by late-entrants. For example, when the first-mover has established relationship between China (Joseph G. Nellis, 1997)firms, through strategic alliances, first-mover has the advantage as they will know on how to do business with China government, organization and media. Moreover, first mover also had the edge over late-move in acquiring strategic location, hired and training the human resources, locked in strategy partner, and has created many consumer loyalties for its technology, products and services. Another empirical study could be seen in Thomas Cleff et. al research of Are there any first-mover advantages for pioneering firms? Lead market oriented business strategies for environment innovation. In this research, it has been found that a successful innovator is not necessarily become the first but one of the first-movers within the competition of different innovation design. Concluding from this study, there is advantage from being the first-mover, however it is depending on the environmental circumstances. This describe that first-mover has higher risk compared to late-mover. Furthermore, through this research, it also found that first-mover advantages are not available and very risky if in condition where suddenly technology changes abruptly. Moreover, increase in market dynamic increases potential of first-mover, however does not guarantee it. It also could be learned that, in order to achieve first-mover advantage, it has to acquire the ability in developing dominant design , so that can be market leader. Lead-market approach also crucial for the first-mover to compete with late-mover, as late-mover could diffuse faster than expected if first-mover does not take lead-market approach. Lead-market approach also crucial in faster and widespread diffusion of new technology, so that could not be surpassed by late-mover. (Thomas Cleff, 2012). In emerging economy, first-mover also has the ability to expand business without attracting much attention from the incumbents from the domestic firm. First-mover also should have the necessary human capital, physical and monetary resources in order to stay in advantages zone, if do not want to be outperformed by the late-mover. To wrap up, in order for first-mover to maintain its profit and advantages, they should be one step ahead of its competitor, however as consequences this will require a high rate of innovation in term of technical and new product development. (Joseph G. Nellis, 1997) First-mover advantages could be seen in various areas such as technology leadership, the domination of asset, and also the switching cost. However, first-mover also could posses several disadvantages, which indirectly will explain as the late-mover advantages. Disadvantages of being the first-mover in the market includes the (i) free-rider effects, (ii) resolution of technological or market uncertainty (iii) shift in technology or customer needs, and (iv) incumbent inertia. Late-mover could have advantage in free-rider effect, as late-mover can imitate where first mover innovate. They can imitate in various part involving the Research and Development (RD), buyer education and infrastructure development. As consequences, they have advantage in cost reduction as imitation is less costly when compared to innovation cost. This ability to imitate then, leads to could reduction of the profitability to first-mover. Resolution of technological or market uncertainty is also one of the advantage of late mover. How late-mover can benefit from this factor is by being late to enter a certain unknown market. This will reduce the risky selection of market, as being first in the unknown market, will serve many challenges and risk to be overcome. As late-mover could delay their time to enter unknown market, they could avoid any unwelcome problem or issues. Shifts in technology or changing in customers need also affect the first-mover and this will be taken advantage by late-mover. Marvin B. Lieberman and David B. Montgomery in their journal has review many literature on how shift in technology or changing customer demand can cause advantage to the late-entrants, which relate to creative destruction model introduced by Schumpt (Schumpter, 1961)er (1961). Through creative destruction model, existing product were said to be obsolete by the emergence of innovation of new firms. This late-entrant then will exploit technological discontinuity which by eliminating and replacing existing incumbent. While customers need something new and this will create dynamic condition. This will create loophole where late-mover could take advantage, unless the first-mover are very fast to alert and respond. While in incumbent inertia, late-mover could be in advantage as late-mover can evade from being locked in specific set of asset. First-mover disadvantage in incumbent inertia also could probably become organizationally inflexible, thus they cannot respond to environmental changes or competitive threats. (Montgomery, 1988) Reviewing from marketing perspective, late mover could be seen as having the potential to leapfrog those first movers at least in two ways either by beating them in their own game, or secondly by surpassing them using innovation as the tool. In term of beating first movers in their own game, late movers approach could start by providing consumers preferences in the category of product positioned by first mover. This could be the source and anchor for competition to start, hence late movers could take the opportunity to see any gap, overlooked superior product positioned, compete on price, or even could take the action to flood the market hence liquefy first mover’s distribution. Whereas, in term of innovation, late mover could innovated their products or strategy, hence could bring the competition between late entrants and first mover come to intense, providing late entrants to surpass first mover. (Venkatesh Shankar, Gregory S. Carpenter and Lakshman Krishnamurthi, 1998). Moreover, study conducted by Venkatesh Shankar, Gregory S. Carpenter and Lakshman Krishnamurthi, 1998 shows that innovation lead to the key of late mover advantage when compared to first movers entrants. First mover or also known as pioneer has the advantage in experiencing higher potential market compare to those late mover. Furthermore, the diffusion and marketing mix effectiveness are unaffected by diffusion of non-innovative late entrants. However, when compared with that late mover with innovative, which is stated as innovative late mover, even higher market potential could be achieved with higher repeat purchase rate compared to first mover. Moreover, innovative late mover claimed to create asymmetry in diffusion as it has unequal response to marketing expenditure, market potential and repeat sales. For example, when first mover’s diffusion take place, consumers will shift to the late-mover products does not affected much due to market shares potential and also consumers preferences towards late mover still strong. However, when innovative late-mover diffuse, they will diffuse faster as they had the more superior innovation and lower price compare to the first-mover. In term of brand growth, pioneer will have to spend a lot of advertising cost, as to create awareness of brand for product and the product category. However, late-mover does not have to prepare such cost, or in other words they could enjoy less expenditure on creating awareness, but only focus on developing brand awareness and could depend on the first-mover to establish the category. They also find the implication of late-mover if, late-mover could not beat first-mover in their own game, which cannot defeat first-mover’s diffusions or marketing strategy, which in turn will cause late-mover will experience low repeats rates and also less effective marketing plan, another way of how late-mover could be in advantage should be discovered. In this situation, what late-mover could do is to lower the price, and spend more on marketing mix. However, it is effective for late-mover to refine their product in which category in compete with the first-mover in order to beat and compete more intensely. (Venkatesh Shankar, 1998). Conclusion In conclusion, being first-mover and late-mover has their own disadvantages and advantages. Thus, in order to implement an entry strategy, the requirement and deep understanding of each firm’s SWOT and the market where they would like to enter is required. To become first-mover in an industry, a firm should possess technological leadership, preemption of asset and also buyer switching cost. In order to maintain first-mover advantage to be sustainable, first-mover should be one step ahead of competitior or late-mover so that learning curve could be made exclusive hence slowing down the innovation process diffusion by the late-mover. In the other side, late-mover could have the advantage in term of free-rider effect, which focuses on imitation or refining of the first-mover product category. However, late mover must be aware that if first-mover is very fast in product innovation and development, hence slowing down product diffusion in the market, focus on quality and pricing cou ld be made. Finally, to choose either first-mover or late-mover is the best strategy is depending on the requirement, circumstances, market condition, assets and also firm’s capacity and capability. References Joseph G. Nellis, D. P. (1997). The Essence of Business Economics. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. Malik, T. (2012). First-Mover, Strategic Alliances and performance: Context of turmoil in China. Chinese Management Study, 647-667. Montgomery, M. B. (1988). First-Mover Advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 41-58. Schumpter, J. (1961). The Theory of Economic Development. New York: Oxford University Press. Thomas Cleff, K. R. (2012). Are there any first-mover for pioneering firms? Lead market oriented business strategies for environmental innovation. European Journal of Innovation, 1460-1060.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Orwell’s Totalitarian Government in 1984 Essay -- Literary Analysis

George Orwell’s key objective throughout his novel, 1984, was to convey to his readers the imminent threat of the severe danger that totalitarianism could mean for the world. Orwell takes great measures to display the horrifying effects that come along with complete and dominant control that actually comes along with totalitarian government. In Orwell’s novel, personal liberties and individual freedoms that are protected and granted to many Americans today, are taken away and ripped from the citizen’s lives. The government takes away freedom and rights from the people so that the ruling class (which makes up the government), while reign with complete supremacy and possess all power. George Orwell declared himself as a Socialist, and he was a strong believer that people desperately need to maintain a sense of willingness to rebel against the government, in case there is ever need for it (rebellion). Orwell did not fear rebelling and taking a stand for what he believed in. This is evident especially because Orwell wrote this famous novel, that is now classified around the world as must-read literature, to bring awareness to the world, and the potential oppression that could eventually form if things continued in the way they were currently going at the time. Orwell lived in a time when communism was a very clear and present danger that was beginning to be enforced in many parts of the world. During this time, it was believed by many that the central ideas presented by a communist government were ideal for all of society. However, Orwell knew differently. Orwell was able to envision how a seemingly supreme communist government would most definitely come along with the removal of liberties, freedoms, and rights of the people. Or... ...ally become of a world where leaders forced their communist ideas and rules upon all people, and Orwell was brave enough to point out what was inevitable to happen. Works Cited 1. "The Political Ideas of George Orwell | The Socialist Party of Great Britain." World Socialist Movement. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2012. . 2. Orwell, George. 1984, a novel. New York: New American Library, 1949. Print. 3. Arno, The. "Oscar Wilde - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss.." The Literature Network: Online classic literature, poems, and quotes. Essays & Summaries. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2012. . 4. Fuchs, Thomas. A concise biography of Adolf Hitler. Berkley ed. New York: Berkley Books, 2000. Print. Orwell’s Totalitarian Government in 1984 Essay -- Literary Analysis George Orwell’s key objective throughout his novel, 1984, was to convey to his readers the imminent threat of the severe danger that totalitarianism could mean for the world. Orwell takes great measures to display the horrifying effects that come along with complete and dominant control that actually comes along with totalitarian government. In Orwell’s novel, personal liberties and individual freedoms that are protected and granted to many Americans today, are taken away and ripped from the citizen’s lives. The government takes away freedom and rights from the people so that the ruling class (which makes up the government), while reign with complete supremacy and possess all power. George Orwell declared himself as a Socialist, and he was a strong believer that people desperately need to maintain a sense of willingness to rebel against the government, in case there is ever need for it (rebellion). Orwell did not fear rebelling and taking a stand for what he believed in. This is evident especially because Orwell wrote this famous novel, that is now classified around the world as must-read literature, to bring awareness to the world, and the potential oppression that could eventually form if things continued in the way they were currently going at the time. Orwell lived in a time when communism was a very clear and present danger that was beginning to be enforced in many parts of the world. During this time, it was believed by many that the central ideas presented by a communist government were ideal for all of society. However, Orwell knew differently. Orwell was able to envision how a seemingly supreme communist government would most definitely come along with the removal of liberties, freedoms, and rights of the people. Or... ...ally become of a world where leaders forced their communist ideas and rules upon all people, and Orwell was brave enough to point out what was inevitable to happen. Works Cited 1. "The Political Ideas of George Orwell | The Socialist Party of Great Britain." World Socialist Movement. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2012. . 2. Orwell, George. 1984, a novel. New York: New American Library, 1949. Print. 3. Arno, The. "Oscar Wilde - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss.." The Literature Network: Online classic literature, poems, and quotes. Essays & Summaries. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2012. . 4. Fuchs, Thomas. A concise biography of Adolf Hitler. Berkley ed. New York: Berkley Books, 2000. Print.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Hamlet by William Shakespeare :: Character Analysis, Classics

<< In the play Hamlet by William Shakesphere, the main character, Hamlet, has a high level of intelligence. In Denmark, Hamlet is the son of the king who had recently passed away, and the queen who betrayed her husband to marry Hamlet's uncle soon after his death. Hamlet is hurt and uproared by his mother's betrayal and his uncle's rise to become king. He has an extraordinary understanding and comprehension of others and himself. Hamlet understands himself and uses this as a strength for his revenge. He feels very strongly about his father's murder and hopes to seek a confession from King Claudius. "i'll wipe away all trivial fond records, all saw books, all forms, all pressures past that youth and observation copied there" <act one, scene five> this is when hamlet becomes determined to carry out the revenge after he speaks to the ghost. He shows strong signs of a studious nature and plans to carry them out against claudius. which he does, but not by blantent confrontation. He's wise enough to know claudius would never admit his sin that "is rank, it smeels to heaven", so he divises the mousetrap play. This plan shows he thinks straight but will not act too quickly on this. He gives this plan great thought and makes careful decisions. Hamlet's understanding of others helps discover the murderer of his father. His quick instincts tell him that the childhood friends Claudius wante d him to reunite with were spies. By asking them simple questions, Hamlet found Rosencrantz and Guildenstein weren't who they said they were.